Business plan - operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business plan - operations - Essay Example In case services it need the permission for offering services and a tax structure that taxes the services and income separately. The next stage is to get permission for recruiting qualified personnel to offer services on phone and physically. 1 The firm is a sole proprietorship company. The proprietor will be at the helm of the affairs. Under him the managers of the services, marketing, customer care and technical departments will be present. Under them service representatives, marketing executives, call service operators, and technical personnel who take care of the machinery and instruments of the company are needed. Even a small business in the likeness of the one discussed in this paper needs independent professional accountant. He can help the firm in relations with Bank. The professional accountant post is not included in the organizational structure mentioned above so that the company can have a person on contract. As the firm is dealing with services it needs the legal advice in time. As the firm considered is doing small business the legal advisor also can be contacted on a monthly payment basis to seek advice. 2 In the small business of PC and Internet service offering the company needs qualified personnel and the kits that need in using while servicing a Computer or a peripheral like Printer etc. These tool kits and machinery that offer chip level servicing will be costly. The company can buy the machinery needed for chip level servicing after gaining enough business regarding card level servicing. So initially the company needs no costly machinery and can least bothered about insurance issues. Regarding cost of the machinery the company needs to purchase from the firm that quotes the least and offer the best. The Business premises for the small business that offer PC and Peripheral services needs a minimum of 6 rooms. One is for the Cabin of the proprietor. The other four for the departments mentioned in the previous chapters. The

Life Poetry And Legacy Of Emily Dickinson English Literature Essay

Life Poetry And Legacy Of Emily Dickinson English Literature Essay Emily Dickinson is a monumental figure, a true icon, to the realm of poetry in the 19th century. A time when transcendentalism ruled upon the civilized world and when American poetry was masked by European influences, Emily Dickinson broke off of conventional norms and established her own style of poetry. Through her reclusive upbringings to her untimely death, Emily Dickinson has invoked her unique style and language into her poetry that has established herself into one of the founders of modern American poetry. Emily Dickinsons external and internal life was nothing less than unadventurous (Context 909). She read widely English literature and would often think deeply about what she read. She expressed a particular fondness for the poetry of John Keats and Robert Downing, the prose of John Ruskin and Sir Thomas Browne, and the novels of George Elliot and Charlotte and Emily Bronte. One of her most favorite books is the King James translation of the bible, which contained influences of both Walt Whitman and of her own. One of Dickinsons styles involves the influence of religion. Dickinsons adaptation of 2 hymn meter unifies with her adaptation of the traditional religious doctrines of orthodox Christianity. Although her poems reflect a Calvinist heritage particularly in their probing self-analysis she was not an orthodox Christian. (Context 911) Her religious views, like her life and poetry, were distinctive and individual. Even when her views tend toward orthodox teaching, as in her attitude toward immortality, her literary expression of such a belief is strikingly original. In addition, Dickinsons mischievous humor contrasts sharply with the menacing gravity characteristic of much Calvinist-inspired religious writing. Finally, her love for nature separates her Puritan precursors, allying her instead with such transcendentalist contemporaries as Emerson, Whitman, and Thoreau, though her vision of life is starker than theirs. One notable poem of Dickinsons is Success is Counted Sweetest. The speaker starts off by saying that those who neer succeed put the greatest rate on success: They count it sweetest. To comprehend the cost of a nectar, the speaker says, one has to sense a sorest need. (Dickinson 914) She says that the associates of the victorious army are not able to define triumph as well as the conquered, failing man who hears from a distance the melody of the victors. (Dickinson 914) Several of Emily Dickinsons most notable works seem to take the structure of brief ethical proverbs, which emerge as apparently straightforward, but in reality describes complicated moral and psychological truths. Success is counted sweetest is a fine example. Its first two verses convey its moralistic point in which success is counted sweetest by those who neer succeed; people tend to desire things in a greater aspect when they do not possess them. (Dickinson 914) The following lines then develop that manifest truth by submitting two pictures that illustrates it: the nectar is an emblem of conquest, and lavishness, and success can best be understood by someone who needs it. (Dickinson 914) The conquered, failing man comprehends triumph better than the victorious army does. The poem demonstrates Dickinsons 3 ardent consciousness of the complex facts of human desire, and it shows the beginnings of her abrupt, firm style, whereby intricate connotations are condensed into tremendously short expressions. (Dickinson 914) I taste a liquor never brewed is another such poem by Dickinson in which her views are vividly depicted. The speaker in Emily Dickinsons I taste a liquor never brewed is describing a spiritual state that she experiences through her soul awareness; the state is so overwhelmingly invigorating that she feels as if she had become intoxicated by drinking alcohol. However, there is vast difference between her spiritual intoxication and the literal, physical intoxication of drinking an inebriating beverage. The poem consists of quadruple four-line stanzas. The second and fourth lines in each stanza rhyme, with the first rhyme pair Pearl and Alcohol being seemingly a slant rhyme. (Dickinson 917) Emily Dickinsons style of writing contributes to the irony of her life; she uses dashes profusely throughout I taste a liquor never brewed. Dashes are meant for interruption; thus, she seems to be questioning herself as she writes the poem. There are many dashes in this poem, indicating many pauses throughout; this could be for added dramatic effect or simply for interruptions. Dashes allow the reader time to think and feel (as shown after the first line). The dashes create the impression of a struggling voice, as if a violent wind is carrying some of the words away from the reader. The dashes help to make the speakers voice in the poem seem distant, as if he or she is speaking from somewhere else, even another dimension away. She uses simple diction which creates a down to earth feeling of hope. Her verses are very short which can indicate her short life. As a young woman, Emily Dickinson was a very intelligent and conscientious. (Context 909) However, over time, she decided to secl ude herself from the rest of the world, only talking to certain family members. Her father was a very strict man whose heart was pure and terrible. Because of that, she became very shy and grew a discomfort in social 4 situations. She gradually became more and more self-conscious and decided to go out less and less. Eventually, she lived all alone in her familys house and would not leave to see anyone. However, she still managed to keep in touch with a few close acquaintances through letters. The only time she ever let anyone inside her room was when she became terminally ill and needed a doctor to come see her. Even so, she only allowed the doctor to examine her from a distance. I died for Beauty but was scarce truly portrays Dickinsons thoughts on life and death. The speaker says that she died for Beauty, but she was barely accustomed to her tomb before a man who died for Truth was placed in a tomb beside her. When the two gently told each other the reasons for their death, the man announced that Truth and Beauty are the same, and thus, he and the speaker were Brethren. The speaker says that they met at night, as Kinsmen, and conversed between their tombs until the moss arrive at their lips and enclosed the names on their tombstones. (Dickinson 926) The bizarre, allegorical death fantasy of I died for Beauty recalls Keats, but its approach of appearance belongs exclusively to Dickinson. In this brief lyric, she is able to invoke a feeling of the disturbing physicality of death, Until the Moss had reached our lips-, the great impracticality of martyrdom, I died for Beauty. . . One who died for Truth, a specific type of romantic nostalgia signified with the yearning for divine friendship, And so, as Kinsmen, met a Night-, and a cheerfulness about the hereafter with scarcely sublimated horror about the reality of loss: it would be pleasant to possess a companion with similar interests; it would be terrible to lie in the cemetery and talk through the walls of a grave. (Dickinson 926) As the poem progresses, the high impracticality and desire for friendship steadily surrender to silent, chilly death, as the moss sneaks up the speakers carcass and her headstone, demolishing both her ability to speak (covering her lips) and her identit y (covering her name). The definitive result of this poem is to portray that every feature of human life, whether it be ideas, feelings, or identity 5 itself, is ultimately obliterated by death. However, in the process of creating the obliteration steadily-something to be adjusted to in the tomb-and by depicting a speaker who is unaffected by her own bleak condition, Dickinson devises a picture that is bizarre, persuasive, terrifying, and at the same time, soothing. (Dickinson 926) This is one of her most extraordinary declarations about death; in addition to several of Dickinsons poems, it has no comparisons to the works of any other writer. A Bird came down the Walk is another one of Dickinsons poem for which she utilizes her style and language. The speaker witnesses a bird come down the walk, ignorant that it was being observed. The bird ate an angleworm, then drank a Dew from a convenient Grass-, then jumped sideways to let a beetle pass over. The birds anxious, round eyes looked in all directions. (Dickinson 921) Carefully, the speaker proposes to him a Crumb, but the bird unrolled his feathers and flew away-as though rowing in the water, but with a beauty more soothing than that of Oars divide the ocean or butterflies leap off Banks of Noon; the bird seemed to swim without splashing. (Dickinson 922) Emily Dickinsons life has shown that one does not need to travel throughout the world or live a full life in order to write great poetry. Living alone in Amherst, she considered her experience as fully as any poet who has ever lived. (Context 909) In this poem, the effortless practice of viewing a bird jump down a trail permits Dickinson to demonstrate her astonishing poetic power of surveillance and portrayal. Dickinson eagerly describes the bird as it is devouring a worm, jabs at the grass, skips by a beetle, and peeks around horrendously. As an ordinary being alarmed by the speaker into flying away, the bird becomes a symbol for the rapid, energetic, ungraspable untamed spirit that separates nature from the human beings who intend to cultivate it. However, the most outstanding aspect of this poem is the descriptions in the final stanza where Dickinson offers one 6 of the most spectacular images of flying in all of poetry. By merely offering two quick contrasts of flight and by using aquatic motion, she brings to mind the frailty and variability of moving through air. The picture of butterflies jumping off Banks of Noon, effortlessly swimming through the heavens, is one of the most unforgettable scenes in all Dickinsons works. (Dickinson 922) Dickinson pursues that knowledge wherever it is to be found, no matter how it makes her feel. She reports her pursuits with such great attention to her poetry that her works offer excitement, now matter how dismal the topic. (Critics 948) Emily Dickinson was brilliant, well educated, and confident in her use of conceptual, scientific, legal and linguistic terminology; however, the truly remarkable quality of her poetry illuminates from her refusal to separate mind from body and the emotions which are bound in it. She writes close to the traditions of post-Romantic poetry and womens poetry in that her poetry expresses strong emotion. She stands to the side of her poetry that seeks to ensure that knowledge dominates, and the matters of the heart and soul are seen as part of that knowledge, united as one. (Critics 948) Emily Dickinson is thought of as an influential and continual figure in American culture. Although much of the early reception centered on Dickinsons unconventional and secluded nature, she has become widely acknowledged as an original, pre-modernist poet. (Context 909) Critics have placed her alongside Walt Whitman, Robert Frost, and T. S. Eliot as a major American poet. Dickinsons poetry is difficult to comprehend because it is far-reaching and unique in its denunciation of most traditional nineteenth-century themes and techniques. (Context 910) Her poems demand vigorous awareness from the reader, because she seems to dismiss so much with her indirect style and remarkable contracting metaphors. Even so, these obvious openings are packed with connotations if we are susceptible to her use of devices such as personification, allusion, symbolism, syntax, and grammar. Because her use of dashes is at 7 times confusing, it aids read her poems out loud to hear how vigilantly the words are positioned. What might seem threatening on a simple piece of paper can shock the reader with meaning when heard. Dickinson was not always consistent in her views, as they can change from poem to poem depending upon how she felt at a given moment. (Critics 948) American poetry characteristically embodies acts of process: the Dickinsonian process is a passionate investigation. Her investigative process often implies narrative by taking speaker and reader through a sequence of rapidly changing images; even when all the action is interior. These investigations structure Dickinsons poetry; the flexibility of her investigative movement is the major reason why Dickinson generally was contented with common meter. She may even have enjoyed the way her condensed discoveries press against the limits of small form. (Critics 949) All and all, form and function, Emily Dickinson exerted an influence upon American poetry beyond measure during her time despite the fact that she lived a reclusive life: An irony indeed. 8

Becoming A Better Nation :: social issues

Becoming A Better Nation As an American citizen, it would be easy to say we should encourage both unity and diversity, but, in truth, it is almost impossible to implement such a great idea. Our nation would be a utopian society if we could implement both global or nation-wide unity while keeping our citizen’s diverse. Unfortunately, it’s an oxymoron – like saying we’re all alone together. Part II: The Dream Answer A. Utopia We could always take each individual aside from all they knew and brainwash them into believing that everyone was created equal, allow 10 year olds to vote just the same as 90 year olds and 45 year olds, and create family units of â€Å"brothers† and â€Å"sisters† who are of all different ethnicities. Then our nation would have both unity and diversity!! We could erase all those years of slavery, deception, and racism by never thinking of it again! Wow. Wouldn’t that be lovely? Unfortunately, we don’t live in dreams. You see, even if we were able to rob citizens of their United States’ freedoms and brainwash them, still our nation would have our racists, and we’d lack both unity and diversity coexisting as one. Racism is the reason we cannot have diversity and unity. Now this is because of the meaning of this word â€Å"racism.† Part III: Racism A. Opinions Now, let’s think of this logically: What is racism? Now when we want to find this out, duh, we go to the dictionary – and what more famous than our trusty (and dusty, in my case) â€Å"Webster’s Dictionary†? â€Å"Rac  · ism (rà ¢  ´ siz  ´ em) n. †¦ 2 Any program or practice of racial discrimination, segregation, etc. based on such beliefs – rac  ´ ist n., adj.† The main word in this definition is the word â€Å"beliefs.† A belief is not based on a fact; it’s based on a personal opinion. How can you make everyone not have personal opinions? By brainwashing them? Racism never ends. Therein lies our problem with full unity. Part III: Racism B. Expression(s) We all look different, but how do we feel different? By expressing ourselves. Some people are racist; some people are creative. Everyone has their own way of being themselves – and this is what makes the world diverse. No one is exactly like his or her best friend, neighbor, spouse, or even one of his or her parental units.

Medea Essay

In Euripides’ play â€Å"Medea† the main character is a powerful, but controversial woman – Medea herself. Reading the story some people might be confused with the actions that the protagonist decides to take. She is violent, vindictive, bloody and seemingly crazy. By looking at actions alone, Medea would certainly be considered evil. However, the author creates a character decidedly more complex. We can see it through the background story of the character and development of the play’s plot.That is why I think the full presentation of the character in the work makes people react more sympathetically towards the character. As the Nurse at the beginning of the story tells, Medea gave up everything she had to be with Jason. She left her family, and even killed her own brother to be able to run away with him. Medea, who has been dishonestly betrayed by her husband, uses revenge to punish him for his deeds and to seek the rewards which it offers to  ones prid e.The reader begins to feel pity for the main character and even excuse her actions. That is a result of identification with Medea, as a cheated spouse. In any kind of relationship during life, people expect fidelity, so they clearly understand why she wanted revenge. Medea’s other main reason why she took such a bloody revenge on Jason, was the fact that, she was under a spell, that Athena cast on her. Thus her actions are not completely under her control. The love spell is so strong, that the protagonist decided to kill even her own kids.She wanted him to feel the mutual pain, she went through after the betrayal. At the end the story Jason stays without descendants or wife, and on a foreign land, what makes him unable to improve his social status. At this point of the story the reader understand, that Medea is not completely mentally healthy, so they don’t judge her as harshly, as an absolutely conscious person. At the end I would like to mention about the other reas on, why Medea decided to kill her children. Her main purpose was to look out for what was â€Å"best for her kids†.She thought it would be better to kill her children then to leave them for her enemies that they would soon have to face, after her exile. Medea suspected that they might get killed out of revenge for what she did to the princess and the king. The reader starts to sympathize her, because of the tough decision she had to confront as a loving and carrying mother. For some people Medea might be seen as a cruel and evil character. However, I certainly can state that the reader tend to sympathize her more, by looking at the whole character, instead of only judging her by the actions.The character was under a very powerful love spell and moreover, she had been betrayed by her beloved what might led her to put those drastic plans into actions. Furthermore, Medea was trying to do the best she could for the children, despite of the tragic ending that was either way about to happen. All those circumstances definitely led her to an emotional instability and also to choose the bloody path of revenge. Probably she would have never done all this without provocation.

A Long Way Gone Research Paper Essay

When people imagine soldiers they think of strong men. However, some soldiers today are child soldiers. At a young age child soldiers witnessing and committing horrible acts of violence, which makes them at a higher risk for mental health issues like Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Most child soldiers are between the ages of 15 and 18 years, but some are as young as 7 years old. At that young age children should not witness murder, rape, or even be able to be allowed to kill. According to Klasen, Oettingen, Daniels, and Adam,â€Å"Child soldiers refer to any person who is below the age of 18† (574). At that age it is a high risk that, that kid could be traumatized. Child soldiers are some of the most troubled populations of children and adolescents. According to Klasen, Oettingen, Daniel, and Adam,â€Å"The experiences the children the children are inflicted on are beatings, torture, witness of killing, and sexual abuse† (573). Also, according to Klasen, Oettingen, Daniels, and Adam, children who have traumatic experiences are more likely to have mental health issues (574). One of these problems is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to Bayer et. Al and Vinck et, al, â€Å"child soldiers with more posttraumatic symptoms are less open to reconciliation, have higher feelings of revenge, and favor violent forms of behavior to resolve conflicts (Klasen, Oettingen, Daniels, and Adam 580). Therefore, because of the violence the children are witnessing, they are developing mental health issues. These mental issues are affecting these innocent kids at very young ages. The reason why is because child soldiers are witnessing murder, r ape, and committing murder. There should be an urgent stop to this so call Child Soldiers.

The Accounting Standards Board †Essay

The Accounting Standards Board – Essay Free Online Research Papers International accounting is heading to one global accounting standard; IASB and FASB are coordinating together to produce accounting standards. There are positively lots of advantages by introducing one global accounting standard. The method of introducing one global accounting standard is complicated, as it engages many governments, investors, and companies, but it also involves the countries’ social development and culture, which can offer enormous change. This paper will describe the IASB and the FASB relationship including a brief history of both boards and the IASB equivalents of the FASB original pronouncements. This paper will also discuss the student MSA program preparation for a professional life within the accounting profession. The IASB and the FASB relationship The FASB is the accounting standards board of the United States whereas the IASB is the International accounting standards board. The FASBs major purpose is to develop the GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles). The IASBs major purpose is to develop the international financial reporting standards. There are numerous differences between the standards and accounting principles of both boards. They are working together to develop global accounting standards. IASB and FASB have agreed to work together to achieve convergence in global accounting standards and financial reporting. The FASB, which pursues a rule-based approach, differs from the IASBs principle based approach in terms of processes, techniques, and organizations. Convergence between IFRSs and US GAAP The IASBs IFRS pronounces principle-based standard that do not provide adequate attention to specific application guidance. On the other hand, the FASB’s GAAP focuses on rule based standards that accompany or pay attention to a specific guidance. Both IASBs IFRS and FASBs GAAP address requirements pertaining to financial statements determined to be important to a wide range of economic decision makers. Both sets of standards put emphasis on balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and statement of changes in equity as key reports that are significant to construct sufficient evaluation for making important decisions. Both sets of standards address notes to the financial statements, supplementary schedules as well as the underlying assumptions, and qualitative characteristics of the financial statements. The IASB and FASB agreed to the improvement of high quality and compatible accounting standards that may well be implemented for both cross-border and domestic financial reporting. The goal is to apply existing and continuous financial reporting standards totally compatible. After several meeting in 2005 both boards reaffirmed their obligation to the convergence project (iasb, 2005). Several efforts have been made toward the convergence project since these commitments. Achieving the objectives established by the boards and research for this project will depend heavily on the assistance from auditors, investors, standard-setters, companies, and regulators. The project includes key initiatives that would advance the goals of the two financial accounting boards. The convergence project board members are determined to first identify the differences between the United States General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The board will address whether a resolution can increase the convergence standards. Each current topic must collaborate with the resources and standard setters of the FASB. A key component of the project involves the reporting of the financial performance and identification of the accounting for the stock-based compensation. (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2005) The global economy has matured toward cross-border investing and capital flows. The current financial reporting crisis in the United States urges the need to develop better accounting standards that should be developed to be acceptable internationally. Companies seeking capital or investment opportunities across national boundaries face cost and time issues. These firms must reconcile their financial statements to the accounting rules of the nation. The two boards have developed standards that will improve the efficiency of global capital markets by lowering cost of capital, improving comparability, and enhancing corporate governance. (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2005) The objective of the established goals provides a time frame for the convergence efforts in the context of removing the need of the agreement between the boards. The goals of the Board’s active agenda were to be completed by 2008 included: Business Combination Consolidation Fair Value Measurements Guidance Liabilities and Equity Distinctions Performance Reporting Post-Retirement Benefits Revenue Recognition Some other topics to be researched but have not been added to the agenda included Financial Instrument (replacing of existing standards) Intangible Assets Leases Equivalents of IASB and FASB Original Pronouncements Several differences can be compared between the FASB original pronouncements and the IASB pronouncement. Difference exists because of time, standards, program goals, alternatives, or related guidance that may be required by IASB but not required by the FASB. The purpose of understanding the difference or equivalence will relate to the understanding of the challenges that the boards will encounter in the convergence project. A similar set of high quality global standard is the long-term strategy for both the FASB and the IASB. Below are the revised pronouncements used by the FASB (fasb, 2008). 1. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts – releases designed to establish the fundamentals on which financial accounting standards are based. 2. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards – releases indicating required accounting methods and procedures for specific accounting issues. 3. Interpretations – Modification or extensions of issues related to FASB. 4. Technical Bulletins – guidance on accounting and reporting problems issued by the staff of the FASB. (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2005). Professional Life after the MSA Program A master of accountancy (MSA) degree enhances the knowledge of a person whom may have an undergraduate degree in business or another program. The MSA program can be used to enhance knowledge in accounting allowing the student to learn with practical business issues in a simulated environment. The program allows deep interactions with other individuals in learning the appropriate solutions to problems and issues in the world of accounting and finance. The MSA program is focused on providing students with the recent and historical perspectives on the various aspects of accounting. In addition, the program meets the expectations of the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) proposed education model. Although each state has different rules to meet the requirements for the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) exam the program is designed to meet most of the requirements for the exam. The MSA program is designed to prepare students for the CPA exam and various professional careers in accounting. Conclusion This paper has briefly discussed the IASB and FASB, their relationship, history, current projects, and the equivalents of original pronouncements. These two groups are dedicated to the convergence of accounting standards that can be achieved through the development of high quality and common standards. Through the consistency of the established guideline assistance from the SEC and the European Commission, the FASB and IASB are working toward achieving common goals. References Schroeder, R.G., Clark, MW. Cathey, J.M. (2005). Financial accounting theory and analysis: Text readings and cases (8thed). Retrieved March 29, 2010, from University of Phoenix https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary/content/eRearch.h. Financial Accounting Standards Board. (2008). the financial accounting standards codification. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from fasb.org/st/ International Accounting Standards Board. (2008) Joint IASB/ FASB project. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from iasb.org/About+Us/International+Accounting+Standards+Board+-+About+Us.htm Research Papers on The Accounting Standards Board - EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAW

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics; however, it has applications in several disciplines, including sociology and other social sciences. In the social sciences, chaos theory is the study of complex non-linear systems of social complexity. It is not about disorder but rather about very complicated systems of order. Nature, including some instances of social behavior and social systems, is highly complex, and the only prediction you can make is that it is unpredictable. Chaos theory looks at this unpredictability of nature and tries to make sense of it. Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems, and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable. Chaotic systems are not random systems. Chaotic systems have some kind of order, with an equation that determines overall behavior. The first chaos theorists discovered that complex systems often go through a kind of cycle, even though specific situations are rarely duplicated or repeated. For example, say there is a city of 10,000 people. In order to accommodate these people, a supermarket is built, two swimming pools are installed, a library is erected, and three churches go up. In this case, these accommodations please everybody and equilibrium is achieved. Then a company decides to open a factory on the outskirts of town, opening jobs for 10,000 more people. The town then expands to accommodate 20,000 people instead of 10,000. Another supermarket is added, as are two more swimming pools, another library, and three more churches. The equilibrium is thus maintained. Chaos theorists study this equilibrium, the factors that affect this type of cycle, and what happens (what the outcomes are) when the equilibrium is broken. Qualities of a Chaotic System A chaotic system has three simple defining features: Chaotic systems are deterministic. That is, they have some determining equation ruling their behavior.Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions. Even a very slight change in the starting point can lead to significant different outcomes.Chaotic systems are not random, nor disorderly. Truly random systems are not chaotic. Rather, chaos has a send of order and pattern. Concepts There are several key terms and concepts used in chaos theory: Butterfly effect (also called sensitivity to initial conditions): The idea that even the slightest change in the starting point can lead to greatly different results or outcomes.Attractor: Equilibrium within the system. It represents a state to which a system finally settles.Strange attractor: A dynamic kind of equilibrium which represents some kind of trajectory upon which a system runs from situation to situation without ever settling down. Applications in Real-Life Chaos theory, which emerged in the 1970s, has impacted several aspects of real-life in its short life thus far and continues to impact all sciences. For instance, it has helped answer previously unsolvable problems in quantum mechanics and cosmology. It has also revolutionized the understanding of heart arrhythmias and brain function. Toys and games have also developed from chaos research, such as the Sim line of computer games (SimLife, SimCity, SimAnt, etc.).

How to Use Sociology to Counter Claims of Reverse Racism

How to Use Sociology to Counter Claims of Reverse Racism A former student recently asked me how one can use sociology to counter claims of â€Å"reverse racism.† The term refers to the idea that whites experience racism due to programs or initiatives that are designed to benefit people of color. Some claim that organizations or spaces that are exclusive to say, black people or Asian Americans, constitute â€Å"reverse racism,† or that scholarships open only to racial minorities discriminate against whites. The big point of contention for those concerned with â€Å"reverse racism† is Affirmative Action, which refers to measures in applications processes for employment or college admission that take race and the experience of racism into account in the evaluation process. To counter claims of â€Å"reverse discrimination,† let’s first revisit what racism actually is. Per our own glossary definition, racism serves to limit access to rights, resources, and privileges on the basis of essentialist notions of race (stereotypes). Racism can take a variety of forms in achieving these ends. It can be representational, manifesting in how we imagine and represent racial categories, like in costume at â€Å"Ghetto† or â€Å"Cinco de Mayo† parties, or in what kinds of characters people of color play in film and television. Racism can be ideological, existing in our world views and ideas premised on white superiority and the presumed cultural or biological inferiority of others. There are other forms of racism too, but most important to this discussion of whether or not affirmative action constitutes â€Å"reverse racism† are the ways that racism operates institutionally and structurally. Institutional racism manifests in education in the tracking of students of color into remedial or special ed courses, while white students are more likely to be tracked into college prep courses. It also exists in the educational context in the rates at which students of color are punished and reprimanded, versus white students, for the same offenses. Institutional racism is also expressed in biases teachers reveal in doling out praise more so to white students than to students of color. Institutional racism in the educational context is a key force in reproducing long-term, historically rooted structural racism. This includes racial segregation into poor communities with underfunded and understaffed schools, and economic stratification, which overwhelmingly burdens people of color with poverty and limited access to wealth. Access to economic resources is a significant factor that shapes one’s educational experience, and the extent to which one is prepared for admission to college. Affirmative Action policies in higher education are designed to counteract the near 600-year history of systemic racism in this country. A cornerstone of this system is undeserved enrichment of whites based on historical theft of land and resources from Native Americans, theft of labor and denial of rights of Africans and African Americans under slavery and its Jim Crow aftermath, and denial of rights and resources to other racial minorities throughout history. The undeserved enrichment of whites fueled the undeserved impoverishment of people of color- a legacy that is painfully alive today in racialized income and wealth disparities. Affirmative Action seeks to redress some of the costs and burdens born by people of color under systemic racism. Where people have been excluded, it seeks to include them. At their core, Affirmative Action policies are based on inclusion, not exclusion. This fact becomes clear when one considers the history of legislation that laid the groundwork for Affirmative Action, a term first used by former President John F. Kennedy in 1961 in Executive Order 10925, which referenced the need to end discrimination based on race, and was followed three years later by the Civil Rights Act. When we recognize that Affirmative Action is premised on inclusion, we see clearly that it is not consistent with racism, which uses racial stereotypes to limit access to rights, resources, and privileges. Affirmative Action is the opposite of racism; it is anti-racism. It is not â€Å"reverse† racism. Now, some might claim that Affirmative Action limits access to rights, resources, and privileges for whites who are thought to be displaced by people of color who are granted admission instead of them. But the fact is, that claim simply doesn’t stand up to scrutiny when one examines historical and contemporary rates of college admission by race. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, between 1980 and 2009, the number of African American students enrolled in college annually more than doubled, from about 1.1 million to just under 2.9 million. During that same period, Hispanic and Latino enjoyed a huge jump in enrollment, multiplying by more than five, from 443,000 to 2.4 million. The rate of increase for white students was much lower, at just 51 percent, from 9.9 million to about 15 million. What these jumps in enrollment for African Americans and Hispanic and Latinos show is the intended outcome of Affirmative Action policies: increased inclusion. Importantly, the inclusion of these racial groups did not harm white enrollment. In fact, data released by the Chronicle of Higher Education in 2012 show that white students are still slightly over-represented in terms of their presence in that year’s freshmen class at 4-year schools, while black and Latino students are still underrepresented.* Further, if we look beyond the Bachelor’s degree to advanced degrees, we see percentages of white degree earners rise as does level of degree, culminating in a stark underrepresentation of black and Latino recipients of degrees at the level of Doctor. Other research has shown clearly that university professors demonstrate a strong bias toward white male students who express interest in their graduate programs, much to the expense of women and students of color. Looking at the big picture of longitudinal data, it is clear that while Affirmative Action policies have successfully opened access to higher education across racial lines, they have not limited the ability of whites to access this resource. Rulings from the mid-1990s that have outlawed Affirmation Action at public educational institutions lead to a fast and sharp drop in enrollment rates of black and Latino students at those institutions, quite notably in the University of California system. Now, let’s consider the bigger picture beyond education. For â€Å"reverse racism,† or racism against whites, to exist in the U.S., we would first have to reach racial equality in systemic and structural ways. We would have to pay reparations to make up for centuries upon centuries of unjust impoverishment. We would have to equalize wealth distribution and achieve equal political representation. We would have to see equal representation across all job sectors and educational institutions. We would have to abolish racist policing, judicial, and incarceration systems. And, we would have to eradicate ideological, interactional, and representational racism. Then, and only then, might people of color be in a position to limit access to resources, rights, and privileges on the basis of whiteness. Which is to say, â€Å"reverse racism† does not exist in the United States.   *I base these statements on 2012 U.S. Census population data, and compare the category â€Å"White alone, not Hispanic or Latino† to the White/Caucasian category used by the Chronicle of Higher Education. I collapsed the Chronicle’s data for Mexican-American/Chicano, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino into a total percentage, which I compared to the Census category â€Å"Hispanic or Latino.†

Definition of the Emergency Management System Essay - 1

Definition of the Emergency Management System - Essay Example The failure led to the devolution of the emergency management system (FEMA) with the director losing his powers. The funds and personnel issued to FEMA were reduced. Most of the resources were channeled directly to the disaster preparation and mitigation for the local and state agencies. In Chicago, OEM under OEMC, access funding from the Homeland Security Grant Funding. Besides other avenues of financing, OEMC has developed more capabilities when it comes to resource allocation and capacity development. The funding has enabled OEMC to increase its impacts in protecting the public and critical infrastructure in Chicago, in case of a disaster or emergency. Availability of personnel and funds has improved the disaster response coordination at the local level. It has led to improved technology and increased public engagement in catastrophic events. The same kinds of improvements are also experienced at the state level. The grant has enabled IEMA and its related agencies to be more effec tive and efficient. The resources have made the agency capable of investing more in training, planning, equipment and organization activities. The result of investment has been the improvement in the activities that relate to protection, prevention, response mitigation and recovery from emergencies. Emergency management is the planning process that entails the involvement of communities in the reduction of their vulnerability towards the hazard. It also involves the mechanisms through which the community can cope with disasters. Emergency management does not eliminate or avert threats but instead aims to decrease their impacts on the society. Disaster management covers events like fire, industrial sabotage, terrorist acts, natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes, communication failures, industrial accidents and public disorder. Its phases include mitigation, prevention, response, preparedness and recovery (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2014).

Choose one of the theorists of power discussed in Week 3, and discuss Essay

Choose one of the theorists of power discussed in Week 3, and discuss the extent to which their ideas are relevant to understand the distribution and exercise o - Essay Example Going further it is very clear from the review of the literature that these thinkers were influenced by the events that shaped their world and also by the contribution of the previous generation of philosophers. Thus it is important to remember that their views can be only understood in the context of these experiences. Since, there is a progressive development in their ideas as time progresses, there is no point of comparison. Yet if one is asked to choose which among them is more relevant to understanding the present system of governance or the various leadership models found in the modern world, then there must be no hesitation to choose the classical theorist Max Weber. The following reasons supports this view. Using these three questions as guidelines, it would be beneficial to have an overview of the different theories by the other philosophers to provide a point of comparison. By looking at their respective historical we see a linear development from Medieval period up to the more recent era. Max Weber continued writing even up to the 20th century and undoubtedly his ideas were shaped by the leapfrogging developments in politics and social sciences at the turn of the century. Contrast Webers background and experiences to Niccolo Machiavelli who lived in a period commonly known as the Dark Ages. This is a time before the Reformation, Renaissance and age of scientific progress. His magnum opus, a book entitled The Prince was written in 1515 AD, in the midst of a society where despots and authoritarian rulers are a norm (Wheeler, 2006, par.3, â€Å"The Prince†). Thomas Hobbes on the other hand was born a mere century after Machiavelli and his theory of power was based on the understanding of a world ruled by kings, queens and popes. His ideas supported the necessity of a monarchical government and even assert that order can be attained by following this type of rule. Hobbes was forced to support monarchy only

Employment tribunal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment tribunal - Essay Example According to statistics released by the Employment Tribunals Service, the claims accepted by tribunals in 2006 totaled 115,039. This figure showed a great improvement from the previous year when only 86,181 claims had been accepted. Of the claims that were accepted in 2006, 18% of them got a successful full hearing. The rest were withdrawn, settled, disposed of or unsuccessful. The tribunals passed an average award for unfair dismissal cases of 8,679 pounds. For successful discrimination cases, the average award was set at between 5,540 and 9020 pounds. A total of 867 decisions made by Employment tribunals were later appealed, of which only 298 cases were allowed. The rest were either withdrawn or dismissed (Edge, 2008). These statistics clearly indicate that although the tribunals were formed to help employees and employers solve any disputes among themselves in an amicable manner, it has not been an easy task to carry out this duty (Selwyn, 2006). One of the main issues that have b een hampering the effectiveness of the employment Tribunals in the UK is lack of independence. There are normally too many vested interests within the tribunals themselves. It is quite common to find some employers or their lawyers influencing tribunal proceedings so as to get the outcome they want.

Promoting Ethical Behavior and Diversity on a Company Essay

Promoting Ethical Behavior and Diversity on a Company - Essay Example The company also does follow-ups on its performance on ethical issues in the countries it operates. Swedish culture is of less power distance implying that the society expects power to be decentralized. Skanska is developing their culture based on minimal power distance. The company CEO says that he depends on his team for the company success. On the case of masculinity as a dimension, Swedish society is more feminine that masculine, which implies that the society expects equality in management issues. Skanska CEO admits in the interview that he likes to involve individuals and want people to challenge him as he challenges them back. The trait of the management style of the CEO depicts a manager who is trying quite hard to promote equality in all the decisions and matters of the company just the same way Swedish culture dictates. Additionally, Karlstrom is a CEO, who avoids uncertainty at all cost. In the opening of the interview, he refers to a crisis that happened in 1997 concerning Skanska. He asserts that his team does not want the company to find itself in such uncertainty ag ain. The CEO is thus managing Skanska in the line of the Swedish culture that is a highly uncertainty avoidance society. Furthermore, the CEO says that Skanska creates a collective business environment that supports the success of the company and employees as well. In fact, the spirit is in line with the Swedish culture that promotes high institution

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Essay

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Earnest - Essay Example Through such ridicule, each play is able to entertain the upper classes, define some of the values of their society and illustrate where each begins to negate the benefits of such conventions. The characters in â€Å"The Misanthrope† appear almost more like caricatures than like real people. Each one of the minor characters remain fundamentally superficial, concerned more with the importance of manners than with the importance of honesty. The various marquises prove to be more silly than serious and the pompous Oronte has convinced himself that he is a paramount writer, demanding praises from his friends and acquaintances regardless of their true opinions of his verses and even going so far as to sue Alceste for not providing this. â€Å"Cà ©limà ¨ne is a manipulative coquette with a sarcastic tongue and a cold heart. Philinte seems a rather neutral character who †¦ is a piece of dramatic structure thrown in simply to be Alceste’s confidant. Éliante is even less defined† (Hubeart, 1996). However, Alceste, as the title implies, is completely opposite these individuals, going to the extremes to try to tear off the masks of hypocrisy, hidden u nder a veneer of manners that he sees about him everywhere he looks. The women are especially emblematic of the types of hypocrisy against which Alceste struggles. Arsinoe emerges as a frustrated old woman, jealous of the younger woman’s status and ability to flaunt custom, but is not herself brave enough to bypass the strict code of manners and accepted behavior to capture the one thing she wants, Alceste’s love. When she chastises Cà ©limà ¨ne for her shocking behavior and gossip, Cà ©limà ¨ne tells her â€Å"There’s a season for love and another for prudishness, and we may consciously choose the latter when the hey-day of our youth has passed—it may serve to conceal some of life’s disappointments† (Act III, scene iv). In this speech,

The inquiry into the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Assignment

The inquiry into the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust - Assignment Example Goals: According to the annual report of 2008, the basic goals of the trust were as follow. They wanted to develop and maintain the position as the first preference of a broad range of acute services. They wanted to achieve this by increasing the diagnostic direct access. In this way, the patients can make direct bookings for the diagnostic tests such as scans. Moreover, they wanted to decrease the waiting time of the patient in the hospital and to improve their experiences. By expanding the range and nature of services, they declare their ultimate goal was to increase their market share. They were trying to achieve this particular goal by developing the interventional cardiology services and implementing the marketing strategy. Further, they wanted to develop specific services into the Centres of Clinical Excellence. They were trying to expand the services of the hospital by developing the Dermatology Centre of Excellence, Orthopaedic and Rheumatology clinical expertise and scope of practice. They wanted to develop a seamless service provision across acute and community service. To bring the services closer to the patient’s home, the trust wanted to develop outreach consultant clinics. Other than this, they wanted to provide services like chemotherapy, in the homes of the patients. It was also part of their goals to develop services on the Cannock Chase Hospital site so that they can better meet the needs of the community. This was done by maximising the use of Cannock Chase Hospital, by relocating the trust services into two floors. With the help of partner organisations, they wanted to develop new health related services in vacant accommodation. Their last goal was to be the cleanest place in the town. This can be done by further investing in the recruitment of cleaning staff. This goal can also be achieved by providing high quality services with modern facilities. Likewise, they would be able to have strict hygiene standards (Mid Staffordshire NHS Fo undation Trust Annual Report, 2008). In the coming years, these goals were not given the due importance by the management and thus, were ignored by them. Since the management did not stick to its goal, the trust collapsed when it was reported that around 1200 patients died due to the negligence of the staff between the years of 2005 and 2009 (Ellicott, 2010). As a result, on 9th June 2010, the secretary of State announced a full public inquiry in the form of commissioning, regulatory bodies, and supervisory (The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, 2010). Literature review on healthcare system Heath care has emerged as a complex and dynamic organization. As the environment is ever changing and competition is becoming intense, the healthcare has also become technology oriented. This is done because in a small span of time they are expected to please their patients, keep good relationship with the staff, accommodate the shareholders, and meet the requirements of othe r stakeholders such as government, financial institutions, consumer forums, professional bodies and others. To maintain all the desires, management of the healthcare has to stay in touch with latest developments and the recent trends in patient care. Other than this, the management should improve their skills for better use of the existing resources and powerful technology. The management has to assess

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Essay

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Earnest - Essay Example Through such ridicule, each play is able to entertain the upper classes, define some of the values of their society and illustrate where each begins to negate the benefits of such conventions. The characters in â€Å"The Misanthrope† appear almost more like caricatures than like real people. Each one of the minor characters remain fundamentally superficial, concerned more with the importance of manners than with the importance of honesty. The various marquises prove to be more silly than serious and the pompous Oronte has convinced himself that he is a paramount writer, demanding praises from his friends and acquaintances regardless of their true opinions of his verses and even going so far as to sue Alceste for not providing this. â€Å"Cà ©limà ¨ne is a manipulative coquette with a sarcastic tongue and a cold heart. Philinte seems a rather neutral character who †¦ is a piece of dramatic structure thrown in simply to be Alceste’s confidant. Éliante is even less defined† (Hubeart, 1996). However, Alceste, as the title implies, is completely opposite these individuals, going to the extremes to try to tear off the masks of hypocrisy, hidden u nder a veneer of manners that he sees about him everywhere he looks. The women are especially emblematic of the types of hypocrisy against which Alceste struggles. Arsinoe emerges as a frustrated old woman, jealous of the younger woman’s status and ability to flaunt custom, but is not herself brave enough to bypass the strict code of manners and accepted behavior to capture the one thing she wants, Alceste’s love. When she chastises Cà ©limà ¨ne for her shocking behavior and gossip, Cà ©limà ¨ne tells her â€Å"There’s a season for love and another for prudishness, and we may consciously choose the latter when the hey-day of our youth has passed—it may serve to conceal some of life’s disappointments† (Act III, scene iv). In this speech,

Impact of Radiation After Hiroshima Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of Radiation After Hiroshima - Essay Example Mrs. Nakamura's hair begins to fall out, and she and her daughter become ill. At the same time, Mr. Tanimoto, weak and feverish, becomes bedridden. Miss Sasaki is transferred to the Red Cross Hospital in Hiroshima and placed under the care of Dr. Sasaki. Dr. Sasaki notices small hemorrhages all over her bare skin, a mysterious symptom many of his patients are beginning to show. He later discovers that this is the result of her low white-blood cell count, another symptom of radiation sickness. Dr. Fujii is living at a friend's house in nearby Fukawa and is beginning to treat patients again," ("Hiroshima", p.1). From an individual standpoint, the dropping of the atomic bomb would not be the only traumatic thing that the survivors would have to endure for however long. In that respect, survivors would also have to suffer the ramifications of radiation poisoning. Often times used as a treatment option for those suffering from cancer, exposure to radiation can have very harsh results, not just for the diseases that its meant to kill, but also the surrounding internal system of the person. Since every individual person is different, their levels of being able to recover from radiation exposure can be drastically different, but equally as intense. For the citizens of Hiroshima, there would be short term, as well as lo

Overview of Marine Invertebrates

Overview of Marine Invertebrates Aretha Rae Boezak Most South African fisherman depends on marine invertebrates to lure fish in order to catch them. These baits are sometimes also used commercially. Some species of invertebrates tend to be quite popular baits, whereas others wouldn’t even be considered. The use of these organisms as fishing bait can have its pro’s and con’s. The most successful baits have been exploited, especially those that are more successful as a live bait. The success of the baits may be as a result of a chemical or a scent that most fish are attracted to. Also, they are quite meaty. Marine invertebrates are some of the most fascinating organisms on the earth. They are found in a variety of locations and is of extreme ecological importance to most marine organisms. It has been found that a vast number of organisms feed on these invertebrates, as they are quite nutrient rich. Marine invertebrates are classified into 12 different phyla. These include: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida, Molluscs, Arthropoda and Echinodermata. Some popular invertebrates that are not marine are spikes (also called maggots), meal worms and wax worms. Spikes are th e larvae of some fly species, whereas meal worms are the larvae of the darkling beetle species and wax worms, that of moth or bee moths. The phyla Nematoda, Annelida and Molluscs are the most popular invertebrate baits. The rest are not as popular as fishing baits. The reason for this might be as a result of defensive attributes or assets that those organisms have. Some of these include Cnidarians. Cnidarians mainly use chemicals as a defensive attribute. Some contain dreadful neurotoxins that can be fatal to both man and animal. Though some fish species that feed on these organisms are consumed by mankind, it might seem a bit too dangerous to use them as bait. Some are just as dangerous dead or alive. The problem isn’t the bait itself or fish that might be spoiled, it is the handling of the organism. Given that some fisherman are uneducated or do not pursue in the danger of handling these organisms. In South Africa invertebrates like mussels, lug worms and mud prawns are amongst the famous baits for both anglers and commercial fisherman. Commercially, mostly vertebrates are used as bait depending on the type of fish that are caught. Pelagic fishes like hake and common fish in the Cape, like Kabeljou/kobs, can be lured with invertebrates as bait. Annelids like lug worms are also commonly used for bait. Lug worms belong to the class Polychaeta and are found in rocky shores. Lugworms live in sand mixtures where it forms a U-shaped burrow. They are also called burrowers and are tremendous when fishing for Kabeljou, Spotted gunter, White- and Red stumpnose, Dageraad, Yellowbelly Rockcod, Slinger, White steenbras, Hottentot and Bronze. Another is the free swimming Polychaet, Alitta succinea, commonly known as Rag worms (also known as the pile worm or clam worm). Rag worms are a marine annelid that belongs to the family Nereididae. They can be found on the bottom of shallow marine waters. These worms are an important nutrient source for crustaceans and bottom-feeding fish. Arenicola loveni, commonly known is the blood worm. These belong to the family Arenicolidae. Though they are endemic to South Africa, blood worms is an example of an over exploited bait. They are found in estuaries, where they dig deep, u-shaped burrows with one end forming a funnelled depression. According to Branch et al.(2010: 70) â€Å"water is drawn through the tube, oxygenating the sediment and encouraging bacterial growth.† Their name was derived from the fact that they have haemoglobin present in their blood, therefore when damaged, they bleed red blood. The collection of Pseudoneires variegata, commonly known as the mussel worm is also used as bait, but it’s collection destroys large areas of mussel bed. The Wonder-worm (Eunice aphroditois) and the estuarine wonder- worm (Marphysa elitueni) are also amongst those used as bait. However, the bite of the wonder-worm can inflict pain as it is carnivorous and has large jaws. Both these worms gravel under boulders, but the estuarine wonder-worm also burrows in sandbanks. There are a number of molluscs that fish find palatable. Molluscs work particularly well when fishing for snoek, natal stumpnose and the most common fish in the Cape shore, Galjoen. The only problem with molluscs is the possibility of destroying beds, which destroys the habitat of other organisms as well. Mussels are the most common belonging to the class Bivalves. Branch et al. (2010:146): â€Å"As the name implies, bivalves are enclosed by a pair of shell valves, hinged together along the back by an elastic ligament and extending down on either side of their body.† Mussels are a good bait to use when angling in rocky shores. Fulvia papyracea, commonly known as pencil bait, also known as Razor shells, make tremendous bait. They burrow themselves deeply in clean, firm sand of lagoons and estuaries. Cephalopods like squid are also used as bait. There are also a few famous crustaceans in the bait community. These include crabs, shrimp and prawns. Most anglers also use mud prawns, Upogebia Africana, as bait. These are one of South Africa’s few macro benthic invertebrates. Being very much exploited, mud prawns are found all the way form Lamberts Bay in the West coast to Maputo in Mozambique. These are limited to distribution as a result of temperature tolerances. These species are only found in estuaries that are connected to the ocean or at least exposed to the ocean for the majority of the time. Ecologically, the mud prawn is quite of importance in the estuarine ecosystem. This is as a result of their burrowing and filter feeding. The exploitation of these organisms can lead to severe eutrophication of the estuarine, because of the diverse effects on micro algae and bacteria . There are laws concerning the gathering of the invertebrate organisms gathered as bait in South Arica. With regards to angling, these baits are protected by limitations on number, size and method and by licenses in KwaZulu-Natal. The number per day for bait organisms are: Black mussel 25 ;Bloodworm 5; clam 8; limpet 15; mud crab(giant) 2; other crabs 15; octopus 2; oyster 25; periwinkle 50; polychaete worms 10; prawn(mud and sand) 50; pencil bait 20. Instruments with a blade width of 38mm or less may be used to remove limpets or black mussels and polychaetes may only be dug by hand. Given the vast majority of invertebrates are marine; they can be used for fresh water fishing as well. Fresh water invertebrates can also be used for marine fishing. In South Africa marine invertebrates have proven to be the best fishing bait for anglers, as some species can be used for all types of fishing. However, by using them as bait they are sometimes exploited and can have severe effects on a whole ecosystem. References Beer, A. Maar, D. 2007. Marine fish sea creatures. London: Hermes House. Branch, G M. 1978. The living shores of Southern Africa. Cape Town: C. Struik publishers. Branch, G.M., Griffiths, C.L., Branch, M.L. Beckley, L.E. 2010. Two Oceans. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. Edwards, A. Prichard, M . 1978 . Fishing for beginners. London: William Collins sons and company ltd. Hutchings, L., Augustyn, C.J, Cockcroft, A., Van der Lingen, C., Coetzee, J., Leslie, R.W., Tarr, R.J., Oosthuizen, H., Lipinski, M.R., Roberts, M.R., Wilke, C., Crawford, R., Shannon, L.J. Mayekiso, M. 2009. Marine fisheries monotiring programmes in South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science, 182-192. Payne, A.T.L Crawford, R.J.M. 1989. Oceans of life off Southern Africa. Cape Town: Vlaeberg publishers. Van Der Elst, R. 2001. Everyone’s guide to sea fishes of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.

Diagnosing Depression: Marys Case Essay -- Becks Cognitive Model

Mary is a 24 year old woman who has faced a series of traumatic events throughout her life. Mary's depression can be represented by the cognitive theory (Liese et al., 1997). The process in this theory can be shown through Beck's cognitive model (Liese et al., 1997). According to the model, Mary experiences depression because she holds incorrect negative views about herself, other people and the future and these beliefs take precedent over her actions, thoughts and emotions (Liese et al., 1997). According to the first stage in the model, Mary's early childhood experience is the primary contributor to her depression. Mary had experienced an instable childhood; her parents deemed unfit to care for her, leading to separation by Child Youth Services when she was two. This family dysfunction (by definition, disturbance or abnormality, not referring to abuse) provides the first risk factor of her depression. Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Studies have shown that destructive consequences on adult mental health are directly correlated by household dysfunction during childhood (Chapman et al., 2004). Freud's philosophy and the humanistic theory explains how this is a risk to Mary's depression, suggesting that humans possess an id that seeks gratification of unconditional acceptance (Reid & Sanders, 2010). It shows that Mary’s early family dysfunction forms the basis of her negative core belief that no one wants her, as this initial rejection of acceptance poses a question to her sense of belonging. Since Tracey is deficit of acceptance at a very young age, she learns to blame her circumstance on internal causes, increasing the risk factor for her depression in adulthood (Kosslyn, Rosenberg & Lambert, 2014). This goes deeper i... ...nosis can be useful, the extent of its helpfulness is debatable. Diagnosis in her case could have both detrimental and beneficial outcomes, depending on her individual mid-set. References Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217-225. Kosslyn, R.M., Rosenberg, R.S., & Lambert, A.J. (2014). Psychology in context (1st New Zealand ed.). Auckland, NZ: Pearson Education. Liese, B.S., & Beck, J.S. (1997). Cognitive therapy in supervision. In C.E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 114-133). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Read, J., & Sanders, P. (2010). A straight talking introduction to the causes of mental health problems Herefordshire, UK: PCCS Books.

Bedstones Gentrification Essay -- Papers

Bedstone's Gentrification Firstly I feel it would be a very sensible idea to write down my definition of gentrification, as at the end of the day that is what this coursework is about. "Conversion and renovation of redundant farm buildings into dwellings or different crafts by changing the structure (faà §ade) of them to get it up to date, essentially modernisation. This is often done by wealthier people moving in from the outside community and results in a raise of the settlements' socio-economic status, i.e. the community goes from a working class one into a middle class one due to people moving in. Also there is a change of a villages' function\ purpose to its community." However, has Bedstone undergone gentrification at all? Yes, I feel it has and by quite a considerable degree. Using my definition above I will investigate the many factors involved to come to an intelligent decision. Bedstone originated as an agricultural functioned village and the local area was covered with working farms. The population was also quite large, much more than it is today (at its highest in 1821 it was 165). This is backed by the variety of industry that was stationed here in the late 19th and early to mid 20th century. The village population was able to support a diary (1876- approx 1940's), a school until the 1940's, an inn until the 1930's, a blacksmith and a carpenter. The village used to be a bustling agricultural village, which through time has slowly diminished. Numbers have fallen steadily to the present day and is only now are they starting to grow. Now the village is solely a residential functioned village with no shops, inn, .. ... relatively new resident of the village has told me of further developments around the village indicating further gentrification and growth of the village. Unfortunately this further development will bring many problems with it, too numerous to mention and it is unclear what the future holds. However what is clear is that gentrification has happened in Bedstone and to a considerable degree, which hopefully has been shown. Bedstone has been through the whole process of gentrification of conversion and renovation of buildings, a rise in its socio-economic class, as well as a massive influx of people from the outside community. The trend is still going strong and I see no reason why the factors just mentioned won't continue far into the future. We should ask ourselves however, what does the future hold for Bedstone?

Boys&Girls Club

The Boys & Girls Club has opened my eyes to many opportunities. This is a safe place where parents can drop off their children or child when they have to go to work. Every day after school I go the Boys & Girls and I have so many things I could do. Such as playing sports in the gym, and even swim in the indoor swimming pool. The Boys &Girls club has a teen center where I always have someone to talk to like friends, counselors, even staff members.I have been a member of the Boys & Girls club since the third grade. I used to like coming to the club but now I love it even more. The club is where I can study and do my homework. I have many interests I’m involved with such as the torch club, mentoring, and previously in apprentice. These activities help me get involved with the community as I grow up. For example the torch club helps me keep the earth clean by recycling, helping the elderly, and giving food and other items needed by people.The mentoring program helps me improve my learning skills for any subject. They help with homework, tests, quizzes, and have fun with you like a best friend. The club means a lot to me as you can see and I’m pretty sure other kids think the same way. I think I am very lucky to be part of the club. I will always keep the club in my heart because their like my second family. I have been a member for 5 years and I think this place is sweet. The club is a great place to be. That’s what the Boys & Girls club means to me.

Functionalist, conflict and the integrationist theories of education Essay

The functionalist theory looks more into the ways that universal education serves the needs of the society. On the other hand, the conflict theory focuses on the function of education as perpetuating inequality on the social aspect of life and boosting the power of those who are dominant within the society. The interactionist’s theory limits its analysis on education to what happens directly in a classroom setup, as it looks into the teacher’s expectation from the learner and how it affects the learner’s performance, attitude and perception (Rappa 1976). The relationship of each theory to education Functionalist theory; According to this theory, the latent role of education is that it brings people together. In other words it enhances socialization within the society among the different people from diverse cultures, languages, color, age and interests. Through the interactions, people get to learn from one another through the exchange of ideas and views regarding different areas of discussion. The other role of education is that it plays the role of passing down core values and social control within the society. Read more:Â  Functionalist Perspective on Social Institutions The conflict theory experts further insist on getting rid of modern exams, as according to them all tests contain a knowledge base which is always culturally sensitive. On the other hand, the Conflict theorists look at education not as a social benefit or opportunity, but as a powerful means of maintaining power structures and creating a docile work force for capitalism. The interactionists’ theory is relative to education in the sense that a teacher has more influence on the students within a classroom set up; therefore the performance of a student is majorly based on the teacher judgment and effort (Brubacher 1962) The perspective of each theory The functionalists see education as a means of transmitting or perpetuating the core educational values from one generation to another. Additionally, they consider education as an important factor in separating the learners putting the basis of this distinction as merit. The conflict theorists on the other hand see the educational system as perpetuating the status quo by dulling the lower classes into being obedient workers to the higher classes. The interactionists on the other hand, focus on the influence of the expectations of the teacher on the learner’s performance (Rappa 1976) Expectations of education from each theory The functionalists expect that universal education should serve the society by unifying the people within a society, and helping in transmitting the core values of the society. The conflict theorists expect that education will maintain inequality within the society, by preserving the power of those who are dominating the society. The interactionists’ expectations are that the teacher’s anticipation from the students should have an impact on their performance, regardless of its positive or negative nature (Rappa 1976). Comparison The functionalist and conflict theorists concur on that education is a tool to be used for sorting out the different learners. Further, the functionalists argue that schools sort students based on merit, while the conflict theorists argue that schools sort out students along class and tribal lines (Schon, 1983). The conflict theory puts more focus on competition between groups, while the functionalist theorists focus on balance and stability within a social system. Additionally, conflict theorists focus on society as made up of social relations characterized by inequality and change. Functionalism perceives the society as a complex phenomenon or system of interrelated parts working together to maintain the desired stability (Brubacher 1962) Analysis of personal selected philosophy and philosopher Aristotle; His philosophy is education for producing quality citizens who are virtuous. He further put consideration on human nature, habit and reason as the vital forces to be expected from and through education. For instance, he considered repetition to be a key tool towards the development of good habits; from the teacher’s systematic guidance of the different students (Schon, 1983). Aristotle put more weight on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of the subjects taught. Additionally, he argues that the explicitly important subjects include reading, writing and mathematics. Based on the discussion, it can thus be considered that Aristotle’s thinking fits into the ideas of the functionalist theory (Rappa 1976). Conclusion Having discussed the different educational theories, it can be argued that these educational theoretical models are paramount as far as education is concerned, as they bring about an understanding of how different people perceive education. Further, it is through these differences that different people come together and reason towards reaching a solid conclusion, which contributes to an advancement in the field of education because trough discussions new ideas are established. Additionally, these theories help the members of society realize diversity in their thinking and perception of things. References Brubacher, S. (1962). Modem Philosophies of Education. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Pg 114 Rappa, S. (1976). Education in a Free Society: An American History. Philadelphia: David McKay Company Inc. pp 59 Schon, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books.

Filipino Migrant Woman

Migration When the Light of Home is Abroad: Unskilled Female Migration and the Filipino Family * The article focuses on the Filipino female population migrating to Singapore and the difficulties they face while in their host country. Through interviews and extensive research the authors explore the relationships between Filipino migrant women and their families.The authors state, â€Å"Specifically, we explore how migrant women and their family members define and negotiate family ideals, gender identities and family relationships, given the family’s transnational configuration. In other words, with women – regarded as the â€Å"light of the home† (ilaw ng tahanan) – away from the family, how is family constituted and family life crafted by its constituent members both at home and abroad? † (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 199). * The idea of transnational family, having a bond while living in a host country, is interrelated with labour migrants.The authors define s transnational family as, â€Å"one where core members are distributed in two or more nation states but continue to share strong bonds of collective welfare and unity – is a strategic response to the changing social, economic and political conditions of a globalizing world† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 199). * Female migrants are constantly negotiating their identity and their role in their host countries which leads them to maintain ties through engaging actively or disengaging themselves from their families. Long distance calls from the migrant to the families is an example of active pursuit.The authors describe this constant negotiation of a migrant’s identity as â€Å"relativising† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 200). The concept of â€Å"relativising† could also be formed through cultural differences from host countries. * Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka are three countries in Southeast Asia which encompass the largest amount of female migration. The authors states, â€Å"The Philippines is one of three countries in Asia where women migrants comprise between 60 and 80 percent of legal migrants deployed to other countries every year† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 203).Filipino women migrants increased due to a shift in labour needs during the 1980s. * The author’s research provides interviews with female migrants and their families in Singapore and Philippines. The interview raises awareness of female migrant’s loss of connectivity with family members, especially children. Many children felt the absence of their mother shaped their family relationship in a negative context. In one example, two male children dropped out of school and upon their mother’s arrival the children returned back to school.In this case the mother is seen as the enforcer which entails drives the children to attend school. The lack of face to face interaction between the female migrant and her family causes negative consequences to the migrant hers elf as well as her family. * The article also discusses the positive outcomes for female migrants while in their host country. Many of the migrants felt empowered by being able to provide a better life for their family. Many of the women provide remittances which in turn allowed for rebuilding of homes, school expenses, and food.Another positive outcome for female migrants was the respect they embraced from their husbands upon returning to their country of origin. Questions * How does the reconfiguration gender role affect female labour migrants while in their host country? * Filipino female migration alters the â€Å"family relationship† and in doing so constructs a gap between the mothers and children. Is the economical factor worth the risk of losing the bond between the migrant’s children and the migrant hence affecting education for the children? * Can labour migrants maintain a sense of family and does the term â€Å"family† alter when absent from the coun try of origin?

Understanding of virtue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding of virtue - Assignment Example , n.d.) If this is correct, the virtue of a dressmaker is what enables her to sew beautiful dresses, or the virtue of a gardener is what enables him to produce a bountiful harvest, or etc.. In this aspect, virtue is different from person to person, but this does not give us a general description of a virtue. Mackenzie (1985), in her discussions of moral theories, said that Plato has a naturalist approach to evaluative qualities, and to relations which causes complexities. It is Plato’s reasoning that an object has a particular value to different persons at a different time and in a different relation, it is opposite. As digressed By Mackenzie, Plato values of an object vary subjectively, so that to be able to understand it, one must be able to assess and understand it, and that sometimes, these assessments are contradictory, since they are cognitively unreliable. Plato has made a conclusion, as Mackenzie pointed out, that â€Å"over and above sensible things, there exists ent ities that give absolute understanding of values, and these are the Forms which are cognitively reliable, pure instantiations, or absolutes, of value that provide us with the knowledge of what is best†. Plato’s representation is hard to follow, as in when he said that when we use a value term twice, it should have the same meaning, in mind. Plato has a view that for any given term, there should only be one Form that represents it all. (Mackenzie) There should be a universal term, but this thing is not possible because of complexity of meaning. Take the word beautiful or noble for example. This means, as I gathered from Plato’s discourse, a term may have different evaluative meaning like the words useful, fine and pleasant The first discourse In Plato’s dialogue about virtue and the question that lies beneath is whether or not virtue can be taught. His understanding of virtue in the book is that virtue is not a form of knowledge and that it has no clear definition. I cannot simply

Garabology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Garabology - Essay Example This is my weekly routine before I go to the supermarket for shopping foodstuffs. A rough estimate of this waste equated to $12 which is about eight percent the grocery bill I handle every week. Another inclination on the same is the waste of textiles. I realized that my family would throw away several clothes every week and sometimes it included shoes, beddings and curtains. I realized that I threw away at least one cloth every week and that makes my expenditure on the same rise even though am comfortable with the same. There has also been waste associated with paper. This originates mainly from the used paper towels, packaging material, cut-outs of magazines and newspapers. I realized with the kind of artwork my younger sister is in to, we throw away such waste amounting to about 4 kg per week. This is regardless of other biodegradable substances she uses when drawing or painting. Polythene materials and plastic such as packaging material also form part of the materials that are thrown away. Since I do most of the grocery shopping during the weekend and most of the stuff I buy is packed using this material, it came to my attention that this was the main reason why I do collect a lot of polythene material for disposal every week. Glass can also be accounted as waste though it is not consistent. This may include breakage of cups or tumblers. My parents always complain how we are poor eaters and they would always try and tell us stories referencing to their days. They would at least not take one meal out of the typical three in a day because of the economic status of their parents at the time. This kind of garbage insinuates the idea that the family has more than enough to eat and spare. This is despite the fact the family does not maximize these products. This may portray the household as either a middle class or a high class family because the children therein are able to dispose at least

Critical Introduction to Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical Introduction to Law - Essay Example Basically feminism concerns the study or movement against women’s subordination common to all of them in a particular society. And it is culturally and historically specific. Thus forms of oppression of women are different among societies, races and countries. The subordination of Afro-Caribbean women, Asian women, working class women, lesbian women, single mothers are qualitatively different but unified by gender. For example, reluctance of the police to intervene in Asian women’s protest against domestic violence in their community. Police justify their reluctance citing the value of extended family system in Asian communities and letting them settle their disputes on their own. This is not only sexist but also racist bias. White State power has also been indifferent to the voices of these Asian women. 2 Women have been excluded in market place and government and given the main responsibility of bearing and rearing children and to give refuge to men from the pressures of capitalist world. This separation of women from the public sphere was more acute in the nineteenth century. At the same time, men are dominating both the public and private spheres even today by legal orders with private sphere devoid of legal control making them even more dominant in private life. In America, females were excluded for exercising franchise in the 19th century. In 1820s and 1830s, white males got franc hise rights even without property holdings. And after the civil rights movement when black men gained the franchise rights, women regardless of race, were left behind. It was only through the 13th amendment, women gained the right to vote. It did not mean women finally got the rights and duties befitting electoral status. It was only in 1961, they were accorded jury duty. The armed combat duty as a test of citizenship has still not been accorded to women today. In English common law, women were not allowed to enter certain professions like law

Cows research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cows - Research Paper Example However, the degree at which people value and keep this animal significantly depends on their culture, religion and background. In Latin America cows are predominantly used in bullfighting, in Africa, they are a sign of wealth and prestige while in India; the cow is a holy being that is to be revered. In the media, cows are often portrayed as big, domesticated and fertile animals. More and more farmers are slowly abandoning cattle keeping because the cost of feeding them, veterinary cost is quite high as opposed to cultivating other cash crops. There are many different breeds of cows depending on their use. Ranchers mainly keep beef cattle while there are those who keep dairy cows. This also depends on the conduciveness of an area’s climate. The importance of cows to the economy cannot be under-rated since the Cattle industry is a multibillion dollar enterprise that significantly boosts the economy of many countries. Cows provide milk, beef, hides used in making leather and shoes. The value of cows is profoundly undermined and therefore, it is for this reason that I decided to base my research on the importance of cows and the connection that exists between man and cows. Cows are easy animals to see, unlike other animals like tigers and leopards. Though easy to see they are the most unseen animals and the least appreciated of creatures; nevertheless, they have among the biggest benefits to mankind. I wanted to find out peoples attitude and beliefs about cows. To conduct my research, I deliberately chose to carry out interviews with different people in order to learn about their views and attitudes about cows. Interviews are an effective way of getting in depth information, and it is also quite helpful in discovering how individuals feel and think about a particular subject matter. Therefore, with this in mind I conducted four interview sessions with people of different cultures and who had lived in different parts of the world (Dr.

Connex Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Connex Market Research - Essay Example en the system was established, it was set up under assumptions and predictions made for stricter working hours and it is for the same reason that express trains were rarely run. However, express services had to be introduced as time passed and the 1970s saw a major revamping of the Melbourne Train System. These changes were welcomed by commuters and the 1980s and 1990s saw an increasing number of people choosing to take the train rather than to drive to their destinations (Morphet, 2008). However, the system was not designed to meet an exponential increase in passenger demand and had to be stretched in its functioning in order to cope with the same. Issues began to develop in scenarios where train paths crossed each other and express trains had to share tracks as well as junctions, causing delays to take place. Considering the nature of the train system, it is evident that a single delayed train can cause a chain reaction of delays for other trains as well. Once a delay occurs or a train is taken off operation, it causes an increase in the number of passengers trying to board an individual train, causing an increase in the time required for passengers to get on and off the trains. This time is also often referred to as Dual Time (Middeldorp & Klop, 2005). The increase in dual time causes trains to take longer at each station, causing even more increased delays. It is therefore clear that the implications in the case of a single delay in the train transport system are very similar to a Domino Effect. Needless to say, there is a strong need for safety to remain uncompromising at all times but it is imperative to note that unless a balance between safety and efficiency is maintained, the train begins to lose its utility as a commuting mean. On January 28, rail commuters in Melbourne found themselves facing what came to them as nothing less than an odyssey when they discovered that nearly 200 trains had been cancelled, bringing a halt to services on three lines.

Cons Of Abortion Essay Example for Free

Cons Of Abortion Essay Abortions should be illegalized unless there are special circumstances and appropriate reasoning. One reason is because many people have taken advantage of legal abortions and use it as a form of birth control. Another reason being that killing an unborn is morally wrong and that its considered murder. Third, almost all women experience both physical and psychological disabilities whether theyre minor or very serious. An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. An abortion may be spontaneous or induced. The latter is an act with ethical and legal ramifications. Many women experience physical and psychological complications after they have had an abortion. This leads to complications in their behavior and therefore many consider the care of a psychiatric or physician. Statistics prove that the risks of Physical problems among women who have aborted at least once are high. Approximately 10% of women undergoing abortion will have to suffer immediate abortions and about 2% of them are life threatening. Death is a very serious issue for all women considering abortions. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death . Statistics prove that women who have had an abortion are four times more likely to die in the following year than ones that have carried their pregnancies to term are. Abortion is also clearly linked to a dramatic increase in suicide risk. Between 7 to 30% of all women who have aborted have been reported to attempt suicide. In Canada a study of government funded medical programs showed that 41% of women had to receive psychological treatment after having an abortion. Putting death and suicide aside, there are many other problems that one may have to suffer from. Facing complications in labor and having handicapped newborns. Statistics show that women who have aborted once are two to three times more likely to having a pre term delivery Not only does induced abortions increase the risks of pre- term delivery but also increases the risks delayed delivery. Because abortion is associated with cervical and uterine damage, these are the leading causes of handicapped among newborns. The authors found that if a partner is present and not supportive, the miscarriage rate is more than  double and the abortion rate is four times greater than if he is present and supportive. The partner is absent the abortion rate is six times greater. In total out of 1428 women surveyed, after having aborted, women visited their family doctor 80% more for all reasons possible and 180% of them went for psychosocial reasons. Abortion is stressful and emotionally difficult for most women . As well as having physical problems, more women experience psychological damages. A survey stated that almost eight weeks after having an abortion, 31% of women had regretted the decision. 44% had complained of having nervous disorders, 36% had experienced a loss or disturbances of sleep. Many of these women carry repressed feelings which leads to drug and alcohol abuse. Elliot research institutes researcher found that women who have aborted their pregnancies are 4 times more likely to get involved with drugs and alcohol. During an interview of 30 women who had aborted, 60% had increased their use or alcohol. Almost 45% of all abortions performed today are repeat abortions. If abortions were illegalized, a large proportion of repeat abortions can be eliminated. Not as many women would have to go through stress and other physical and psychological disorders. Outlawing abortions can reduce many of these common problems among women. The three main that women who have aborted give are, having a baby can change my life, If I were to have this baby, it could ruin my career, or My partner and I are currently having problems in the relationship . When asked public opinion, these reasons are quite selfish. It seems as if when there is no where else to turn, the option of abortion will stand out. Knowing that abortions are permitted and available some take it as the easy ticket out. During the 1970s, Canada was reported to having one of the highest teenage fertility rates in the world. Among unmarried women, teens have held the highest rate of child bearing in Canada and the United States. As these pregnancy rates have increased, abortion rates had doubled. Between 1975 and  1980 abortion rates have doubled from 20 to 44 abortions per 1000 women who were between the ages of fifteen and nineteen. This shows that many teenagers have been using abortions as a method of contraception to lower their fertility rate. To those whom consider abortion a negative issue say that, easy abortion leads to increased promiscuity; Available abortions lead to reduced contraceptive use . If abortion remains legalized it silently and subconsciously encourage selfish and irresponsible behavior among young women who may consider it as a backup plan incase of pregnancy. Since the abortion law made by the Supreme Court in 1973, teenage abortions had risen very greatly in numbers. Abortion rates for adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 raised from 244,070 to 448,570. Thats an increase of 84%. For girls under the ages of 15, the rate increased to a total of 31% (11630 to 15240). In 1980s, there was a decrease in abortion rates. This was due to the fact that the changes in law decreased the number of abortion providers all over Canada. Due to this abortions had decreased by 26% in 1984, 24% in 1989 and 21% in 1991. Looking a little deeper into this, one may come to the consideration that many if not all pregnancies that have been aborted have been due to carelessness in sexual behavior. With the exception of rape, incest or physical harm on the women, the procedure of all abortions should be banned. Many argue that abortion is immoral and it is in the same category as killing an innocent, newborn baby. All life is present from the moment of conception. Fetuses almost look like newborn infants and possess characteristics, such as a genetic code, that are found in all human beings. Anti abortionists say that it is always prima facie seriously wrong to take a human life or is it always prima facie seriously wrong to end the life of a baby . Some say it doesnt make sense to give rights to a being that would never have psychological traits, but one may argue that new born babies dont have these traits either, but if they were to be killed after birth, one would get charged. Therefore the argument that a fetus does not  carry psychological traits is a poor one. Other issues which makes killing a fetus wrong is the loss of the victims future. This can be supported by the consideration that killing is one of the worst crimes. People who know that they are going to die believe, of course, that dying is a very bad thing. These people know that their premature death is bad because they will miss out on what the future may have had to hold for them . For people who are severely ill and wish to die will not have suffered a loss if the were killed because they know they will have to face a future of pain. Abortion may also be compared to animal rights. Our society has always put humans before animals. Our rights are obviously more important than those of animals are. A couple months ago, two men were arrested because they had slit open the bodies of rats and photographed it saying it was art . Those who perform abortions are killing a living fetus, which will grow up to, possess characteristics much more complex than that of a rat. How can those who perform abortions get away with it and not those who kill rats? Medical science leads to a pro-life perspective rather than a pro-choice perspective. These arguments against abortions are compelling. One being that at conception the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother . It is said that a developing human being is genetically different from its mother because, for one, it is genetically different form the sperm and egg that created it. The DNA of an embryo can be distinguished form the DNA of the sperm and egg that created it. There are other medical arguments supporting the right to life for a fetus. Major one is the definition between life and death. In the past life was defined by the heartbeat. A stopped heartbeat would be a clear indication of death. By the eighteenth day in the womb, a fetus has a heart. If heartbeats were used to define life than all abortions would be outlawed. In the new age, brainwave activity is used to define death. Fetuses develop ECG patterns in their brains at about 40 to 43 after conception. A flat ECG pattern clearly determines death. Using brain wave activity, at least a majority of abortions could be outlawed. A third issue concerning abortions is if the fetus feels pain. Yes a fetus does feel pain. Try poking an infant with a pin, it will immediately pull away and begin to cry. If you tried to do the same with a fetus, it will open its mouth and pull away. This also causes an increase in the heart rate of the human fetus. Many other medical arguments can be used to try and  outlaw abortions. A fetus has unique set of fingerprints, it to is growing and developing, it has the same human like features as we do, and many others. Abortion is a very controversial subject and there are many debates between the pro-lifers and pro-choices. The views of the pro-lifers are that abortion should become banned all over hospitals and clinics. Pro- choicer may not agree with this because they argue that if abortions become banned then women will have to get illegal abortions. This is not true because statistics proved that when abortions were banned in Canada the rate had drop. Women who did not need abortions for a real reason did not get them. This brought down abortion rates considerably. If the number of abortions was decreased this will also decrease problems of physical and psychological stress. In conclusion, there are other ways of dealing with the situation of an unwanted pregnancy. The most one may do is give up the baby for adoption. Bibliography 1. Abortion: Choice and Conflict Editor Oliver Trager 2. The Ethics of Abortion Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum 3. Internet site www.religioustlerance.org/abo_supr.htm 4. Abortion a Positive Decision By Patricia Lunneborg 5. The Big Evasion By Anne Collins 6. Perspectives on abortion By Paul Sachdev 7. Abortion Policies in US and Canada Studies in Public Opinion Edited by Ted G. Jelen