Prevalence Of Musculoskeletal Disorder Health And Social Care Essay

Prevalence Of musculoskeletal Disorder Health And Social Care Essaymusculoskeletal disorders, too called repetitive motion disorder, are injuries of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartil come along, nerves, and spinal discs. It could lead to occupation injury because of repetitive movement, forceful exertion, poor stick, and other factors. spikelet injure is unity of musculoskeletal disorders roughly publicly experienced radiographers or x-ray technicians. This is attributed to poor posture and aggrieve movements that radiographers used to do during their long working hours (1)One common wrong movement practiced by radiographers is carrying cassettes on the hip, which puts load on cardinal side of body and imparts torsional strain on the spinal muscles. Other wrong movements involve lifting patient by one radiographer with arms and legs in straight position, and bending from their waist with straight legs to retrieve an object from the floor (1-3). To avoid guts pain among the radiographers, there must be safety rules and principles to fol depressed during working hours.Literature ReviewSeveral studies aimed to investigate the relationship mingled with musculoskeletal disorders and occupational therapy among radiographers. All showed similar result indicating that the most common pain among radiographers was impoverished bandaging pain (4-9).Back pain among radiographersAn initial study of keep going pain was done by D. Wright and P. Witt (1993) to indicate any incidence of concealment pain, obtain demographic data, and discover preferences for performing radiography tasks. Randomly, 226 radiographers were chosen but only 18 male and 92 womanly radiographers accept to actively participate. Most of them worked in general diagnostic areas and were divided into two group. The first group consisted of participants with brook pain from both genders. The male mean age was 40.08, mean h ogdoad 68.3 inches, average of weight 181 pounds, and average of back pain intensity 2.4 on 10 headspring scales. The female mean age36.79, mean tallness 64.5 inches, average of weight 146 pounds and average of back pain intensity 3.5 on 10 point scales. Both males and females with back pain reported 6.85 of work related stress. The second group was without back pain. The male mean age was 43, mean height 69.8 inches, and average of weight 171 pounds. The female mean age37.56, mean height 64.8 inches, and average of weight 142 pounds. Their mean age was 43 for males and 37.56 for females.Instrument of the study was through the use of a survey with eight written pages and demographic information related to age, height, weight, area of specialization, work related stress, intensity and anatomical distribution of back pain. It was distributed to the volunteer to collect descriptive frequency data on back pain and their methods to perform 10 tasks. Some of these tasks were moving over head tube, carrying multiple cassettes and transfer ring horizontal patient. It was found that there was no significant age, height, weight related links for back pain. It was also found that the methods to perform the tasks was not related to back pain. The study suggested that repeated poor posture, back strain, and faulty body mechanics may lead to back pain. However due to small sample size and self selected survey the study had limitations (4). hazard factors and musculoskeletal complaints in X-ray technologistsAnother study was done by E. Bos, et al (2007) to determine prevalence rates of musculoskeletal complaints of neck, raise and low back and perceived exposure to riskiness factors. Non-specialized nurses, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses, operation room nurses, and x-ray technologists (n= 3169), worked in 8 different hospitals, were included in the study.A Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, which is a standardized questionnaire, partly derived from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, was given to the subjects to collect personal information and demographic information such as height, weight, function, having managerial task, working hours, and work in past and lifestyle. Moreover, musculoskeletal complaints, musculoskeletal workload, health, task, and psychosocial working conditions items were included. The final results clearly showed that x-ray technologists and nurses reported low back complaints (5).Musculoskeletal complaints among x-ray technologistsA cross-sectional study was done by A. Lorusso, S. Bruno, and N. Labbate (2007) included two hundred and fourteen x-ray technologists working in 13 different hospital in Italy. The volunteers were given a self administered questionnaire to collect information on individual characteristics and compliance of musculoskeletal pain. They were asked if they had lifted patients, transferred lead forestage wearing, and handled cassettes. A Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was used in order to evaluate musculoskeletal complaints in neck, shoulder, low back, hand/wrist, and legs during the past 12 months.The mean age was 48.5 geezerhood for men and 42.8 years for women. Fifty six of them were smokers, and 119 had a regular exercise program. The result reported low back pain asthe most commonly symptom followed by shoulder and neck pain (6).Musculoskeletal complaints among x-ray technology studentsLorusso, L, et al (2010) aimed in their study to estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints among a group of x-ray technology students. The subjects consisted of 60 male students and 49 female students (n=109). Their mean age was 21.1years and of their body mass index (BMI) was twenty three.The students were given a questionnaire that had been used in a musculoskeletal survey among X-ray technologists. It collected information on individual characteristics such asgender, age, height/weight, smoking status, and leisure time physical activities. Information about physical exposure during training and complaint about the pre sence of musculoskeletal pain were also collected. The participants were also asked if they had lifted patients, transferred or positioned portable equipment handling, lead apron wearing and cassettes. A Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was used to evaluate musculoskeletal complaints in special(prenominal) body regions such as neck, shoulder, low back, hand and wrist and legs. The result showed that low back pain (LBP) was the most reported symptoms followed by neck and shoulder pain (7).Musculoskeletal disorders among radiographers in KuwaitSheikha Al-Kindari, el al (2008) investigated musculoskeletal disorder among radiographers in Kuwait. Data were collected by questionnaire from 147 radiographers who were working in different governmental hospitals. The questionnaire included 6 different parts, including demographic data, education and the current job, physical risk factor related with the regular work, psychological risk factor related with the regular work, general health st atus, and exist of any musculoskeletal problem in body. Musculoskeletal disorder on neck and dismantle back regions was the highest percentage because of standing for a long time, moving different equipments, lifting, caring, pushing and pulling loads (8).Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among radiographersFinally, Kao, et al (2009) checked the relationship between musculoskeletal disorder and work related risk factor in radiography department. The subjects were 107 from radiography department. The majority worked at the department less than 5 years and were divided in different sections such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), X-ray, Ultrasound (US), and other. A questionnaire, which contained questions on work characteristics, work description, posture during long period, and body pain, was completed by the subjects. A modified body map also was used to indicate areas of experienced pain. It was categorized to upper back pain, upper limb pain, low er back pain, and lower limb pain. The participants were asked if their pain was related to their work, and were included to the study if there had answered with partially or fully related. 90 seven subjects continued in the study while 7 refused and 3 pregnant women were excluded. The result of this study was a high percentage on low back pain and upper limb pain. The association between low back pain and working in CT was also significant because of sour workload such as heavy lifting, squirm, and bending. The study limitations included small subject size, self reporting for measurement of outcomes limited, and estimations were some of limitations of this study (9).Biomechanical principlesAccording to earlier studies (3-4), musculoskeletal complaints among radiographers is caused by wrong movements such as repeated back strain, poor posture, and faulty body mechanics. To avoid the musculoskeletal pain, biomechanical principles must befollowed. These principles includeKeeping a load cassettes and tube close to center of gravity (COG)Carrying the cassette vertically against chest rather than carrying it onthe hip to avoid the load on one side of the body and imparts torsional strain on the spinal muscles.Lowering the tube to waist height before moving it horizontally toavoid back strain.Using legs muscles rather than paraspinal musclesPushing mobile unit rather than pulling it.Transferring horizontal patient with assistance from 2 peoplewith apart feet and straight legs. flex knee, slightly bending back forward to pick up objectsform floor.Avoiding twisting the back while loading paraspinal muscles whenmoving Bucky tray, moving supplies, moving equipment throughdoorways, working with wheelchair patients, and placing a cassettebehind a bed redden patient.Using both hand to move the Bucky tray.ConclusionMusculoskeletal disorders are injuries of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints,cartilage, nerves, and spinal discs. Back pain is the most common musculosk eletaldisorder among radiographers due to poor posture and wrong movements such ascarrying cassettes on hip, lifting patient by one radiographer, and bending from theirwaist to retrieve an object from the floor. Several studies were done aimed to determinethe prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints among the x-ray technologists. The resultsconfirmed that 72% and 77% prevalence of low back pain respectively among male andfemale radiographers, respectively (10-11). Biomechanical principles such as keeping a loadclose to center of gravity, using legs muscles, avoiding twisting back, and using bothhand to move the Bucky tray, are recommended in order to avoid musculoskeletal pain inradiographers.